Cultural Considerations Remote or Robotic Surgery Essay

LAS432 Team Project Guidelines Objective This capstone course concludes with a research Team Project that starts during the first week and continues throughout the duration of the class. It culminates with the submission of a formal team report and an oral presentation by each team during Week 7, and Peer Reviews in Week 8. Each team will identify and explore an emerging technology. This will be a technology that may already exist, but is drawing attention because of new applications, anticipated impacts or potential controversies. Examples could include: My portion of this paper is Cultural Considerations: we have chosen (Robtic surgery as our topic) Cultural Considerations: This is a really important section. Consider the†¦show more content†¦With respect to graded group work the Team Leader must distribute the finished project to the team so that each member may submit it individually to the dropbox. With respect to individually graded segments of the project, each team member is responsible for compiling his/her own assignment and submitting it to the dropbox. Rubrics: All rubrics for the Team Project can be found in DocSharing. . Week 1: Research Topic and Outline (possible 50 points, group grade) Each team will select a topic for research and a Team Leader. Using the list of required elements for the project, each member of the team will take responsibility for researching specific aspects of the technology. The team will then produce a detailed outline for the project, noting each team member’s research sections. Please note, the list of required elements is just that – a list – and does not constitute an outline. Thesis Statement: Each outline assignment should begin with a thesis statement. This thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper. It must always be a complete, grammatical sentence, specific and brief, which expresses the point of view you are taking towards the subject. (You will need to collaborate with your group on the perspective of the thesis.) This thesis statement will be included in the introduction of your final report and the opening of your presentation. Detailed Outline: In the outline,Show MoreRelatedLas 432 Course Capstone Project [Remote/Robotic Surgeries]8094 Words   |  33 PagesLAS 432 Course Capstone Project [REMOTE/ROBOTIC SURGERIES] (LAS 432 - 61870) Professor Melichar August 19, 2013 Team E Team Leader: Jeffrey Manego - D01493135 Team Members: Charles Granke - D03059579 Cheri Clavette - D03363456 Fannie Cameron - D03514004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Description of the Technology 4 Minimally Invasion 4 Zeus System 5 Da Vinci Surgical System 6 Catheter-Based Robotic Intervention 7 The Magellan Robotic System 8 The History of Surgical RobotsRead MoreRobotic Assisted Surgery16730 Words   |  67 PagesRobotic Assisted Surgery Research Project LAS 432 Professor Scott Maxon Team B Richard Field Melissa Cutrer Charles Engle Ryan Ferree Nada Dakroub Yarin Garcia Miralles Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4-5 I. Description of the Technology (Melissa Cutrer)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-12 II. History of the Technology (Melissa Cutrer)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.12-17 III. Political and Legal Influences (Richard Field)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreRobotic Surgery Essay example14445 Words   |  58 PagesRobotic Surgery HUM432: Technology, Society, and Culture April 15, 2012 Table of Contents Abstract – Page 3 Introduction– page 4 Description of Robotic Surgery page 5 Applications of Robotic Surgery – page 4 – 7 History of Robotic Surgery - – page 8 Robotic Surgery –- page 9 Advantages of Robot-Assisted Surgery – page 9, 10 Disadvantages of Robotic Surgery – page 11, 12 Political Influences – page 13 - 16 Legal Influences – page 16 – 20 Economic Questions/ Considerations –Read MoreRobot Ethics and Ethical Issues5299 Words   |  22 Pagesaccess to technological resources, social and cultural discrimination, in addition to the ethical dimensions of personhood. INTRODUCTION Robots are machines endowed with sensing, information processing, and motor abilities. Information processing in robotic systems takes notably the form of perception, reasoning, planning, and learning, in addition to feedback signal processing and control. The coordinated exercise of these abilities enables robotic systems to achieve goal-oriented and adaptiveRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesand online-mediated study (via an online learning management system such as MyStrategyLab). Case studies are a key learning vehicle for the module. Students are also required to conduct group and individual research into organisations. A series of surgery sessions and online-mediated sessions are available to students wishing to reinforce their learning. Key skills are developed in the areas of team work, oral and written communications, selection and application of data collection methods, researchRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesunderstand the organi zation? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combines rigorous theoretical argument with application and consideration of how managment practice is formed and shaped by ideas and concepts. The authors have brought their wealth of experience and understanding and provided the field with an imaginative resource to address the dynamics between theory and practiceRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBarriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 †¢ Selective Perception 353 †¢ Information Overload 353 †¢ Emotions 353 †¢ Language 354 †¢ Silence 354 †¢ Communication Apprehension 355 †¢ Lying 355 Global Implications 356 Cultural Barriers 356 †¢ Cultural Context 357 †¢ A Cultural Guide 358 Summary and Impli cations for Managers 360 S A L S A L Self-Assessment Library Am I a Gossip? 336 An Ethical Choice The Ethics of Gossip at Work 345 Myth or Science? â€Å"We Know What Makes Good Liars Good†Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesGroupware and Collaboration 209 An Example Groupware System: Lotus Notes 210 vii viii Contents Intranets and Portals 213 Factory Automation 215 Engineering Systems 216 Manufacturing Administration 216 Factory Operations Robotics 217 217 Supply Chain Management Systems 217 Review Questions 219 †¢ Discussion Questions 220 †¢ Bibliography 220 Chapter 6 Managerial Support Systems 223 Decision Support Systems 223 Data Mining 224 Group Support SystemsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesINTRODUCTION 21 in exactly the same way, or even to behave the same way from one encounter to the next. Sensitivity to individual differences is an important part of an effective manager’s repertoire. A great deal of research has been conducted on cultural differences, gender differences, ethnic differences, and age differences in organizations (e.g., Cox, 1994; Cox Beal, 1997). While we will not summarize that extensive research, we do want to highlight the importance of being sensitive to individualityRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesUnderstanding Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining 340 Endnotes 367 Glossary 389 Company Index 395 Subject Index 398 v Contents PART 1 UNDERSTANDING HRM Chapter 1 The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Learning Outcomes 2 Introduction 4 5 Understanding Cultural Environments 4 The Changing World of Technology What Is a Knowledge Worker? 6 How Technology Affects HRM Practices 6 Recruiting 7 Employee Selection 7 Training and Development 7 Ethics and Employee Rights 7 Motivating Knowledge Workers 7 Paying

Biography of Georges Seurat, Father of Pointillism

Georges Seurat (December 2, 1859 – March 29, 1891) was a French painter of the post-impressionist era. He’s best known for developing the techniques of pointillism and chromoluminarism, and one of his iconic paintings was instrumental in ushering in the era of Neo-Impressionism. Fast Facts: Georges Seurat Full Name:  Georges-Pierre SeuratOccupation: ArtistKnown For: Creating the techniques of pointillism and chromoluminarism, with scenes emphasizing smooth lines and colors blended by visual observation, not mixed pigmentsBorn: December 2, 1859 in Paris, FranceDied: March 29, 1891 in Paris, FrancePartner: Madeleine Knobloch (1868-1903)Children: Pierre-Georges (1890-1891), unnamed child (died at birth, 1891)Notable Works:  Bathers at Asnià ¨res, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe Early Life Georges Seurat was the third and youngest child of Antoine Chrysostome Seurat and Ernestine Seurat (nà ©e Faivre). The couple already had a son, Émile Augustin, and a daughter, Marie-Berthe. Thanks to Antoine’s success in property speculation, the family enjoyed considerable wealth. Antoine lived separately from his family, visiting them weekly rather than living under the same roof. Georges Seurat began studying art early; his first studies occurred at the École Municipale de Sculpture et Dessin, an art academy run by the sculptor Justin Lequien near the Seurat family’s home in Paris. In 1878, he moved to the École des Beaux-Arts, where his studies followed the typical courses of the time, focusing on copying and drawing from existing works. He finished his artistic training in 1879 and left for a year of military service. Early Career and Innovation When he returned from his military service, Seurat shared a studio with his friend and fellow artist Edmond Aman-Jean, where he worked to master the art of monochrome drawing. In 1883, he had his first work exhibited: a crayon drawing of Aman-Jean. The same year, he spent most of his time working on his first major painting, Bathers at Asnià ¨res. Final Study for Bathers at Asnieres by Georges Seurat. Francis G. Mayer / Getty Images Although Bathers at Asnià ¨res had some impressionistic influences, specifically in its use of light and color, it broke from that tradition with its textures and outlined figures. His process also departed from impressionism, as he sketched out several drafts of the piece before actually starting to work on the final canvas itself. The painting was rejected by the Paris Salon; instead, Seurat showed it in May 1884 at the Groupe des Artistes Indà ©pendants. Among that society, he met and befriended several other artists. However, the society’s disorganization soon frustrated Seurat and some of his friends, and together, they split from the Indà ©pendants to create a new artists’ society of their own, called the Socià ©tà © des Artistes Indà ©pendants. Georges Seurat was heavily influenced by contemporary ideas about color theory, which he tried to apply to his own works. He subscribed to the idea of a scientific approach to painting with color: that there was a natural law to the way colors worked together to evoke emotion in art, similar to how musical tones worked together in harmony or dissonance. Seurat believed that he could create a new artistic â€Å"language† using perception, color, and lines. He called this theoretical visual language â€Å"chromoluminarism;† today, it’s included under the term divisionism, referring to how the technique requires the eye to combine adjacent colors, rather than the artist mixing pigments before painting. Family Life and Famous Work Right on the heels of the debut of Bathers at Asnià ¨res, Seurat began work on his next piece, which would come to be his most famous and enduring legacy. A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte depicts members of different social classes all spending a leisure afternoon at a park on the waterfront of the Seine in Paris. Sunday on the Island of la Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat. To create the painting, Seurat used his color and pointillism techniques, using tiny dots of individual colors overlapping and adjacent to each other so that they would be â€Å"blended† by viewers’ eyes, rather than mixing the paints themselves. He also prepared for the painting by spending significant time at the park he depicted, sketching his surroundings. The resulting painting measures 10 feet wide and currently is displayed at the Art Institute of Chicago. A smaller, related study, Study for A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, resides in New York City in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Although Seurat never married, he had a significant romantic relationship with Madeleine Knobloch, an artist’s model. She was the model for his 1889/1890 painting Jeune femme se poudrant, but they took pains to conceal their relationship for some time. In 1889, she moved into Seurats apartment, and she became pregnant sometime in 1889. The couple moved to a new apartment to accommodate their family, and Knobloch gave birth to their son, Pierre-Georges, on February 16, 1890. Final Years and Legacy During the summer of 1890, Seurat spent most of his time at the commune of Graveline, along the coast. He was incredibly prolific that summer, producing four canvas paintings, eight oil panels, and several drawings. Out of his works from that time period, the most notable was his painting The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe. The Channel at Gravelines, in the Direction of the Sea by Georges Seurat. Francis G. Mayer / Getty Images Georges Seurat began working on another painting, The Circus, but he did not live to continue innovating and working. In March 1891 he fell ill, and on March 29, he died at his parents’ home in Paris. The nature of the illness that caused his death is unknown; theories include meningitis, diptheria, and pneumonia. Whatever the illness was, he passed it on to his son Pierre-Georges, who died weeks later. Madeleine Knobloch was pregnant at the time, but their second child did not survive long after birth. Seurat was buried on March 31, 1891 at Cimetià ¨re du Pà ¨re-Lachaise, the largest cemetery in Paris. He left behind a legacy of significant artistic innovation, despite dying at the very young age of 31. Seurat’s use of color and his work with pointillism have been his most enduring artistic legacies. In 1984, nearly a century after his death, Seurat’s most famous painting became the inspiration for a Broadway musical by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine. Sunday in the Park with George is inspired by the painting, and the first act of the musical depicts Seurat himself in a highly fictionalized way, imagining his creative process. The musical focuses more on his artistic pursuits but also does depict a fictionalized version of his personal life, notably in the character of his mistress â€Å"Dot,† who seems to be an avatar for Madeleine Knobloch. Art students still study Georges Seurat today, and his influence on other artists began not long after his death. The cubist movement looked at his linear structures and form, which then influenced their ongoing artistic developments. And of course, even young children in the modern world learn about pointillism, usually through A Sunday Afternoon. Despite his short life, Georges Seurat established himself as a key and permanent player in the art world. Sources Courthion, Pierre. â€Å"Georges Seurat: French Painter.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Seurat.Georges Seurat, 1859–1891. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1991Jooren, Marieke; Veldink, Suzanne; Berger, Helewise.  Seurat. Krà ¶ller-Mà ¼ller Museum, 2014.

Genetically Modified Organisms Help Make A Stronger And...

GMOs or genetically modified organisms are used to help make a stronger and improved organism. A positive aspect of GMOs is that it allows more of something to be made. A great example would be food. With certain foods being genetically modified more of said food is available to others. The population of Earth is rising which means more food need to be made. Without food that is modified there may not be enough food to feed the world. Another positive to GMOs is that it can be altered to have more benefits for the consumer. An example of this would be altering the health benefits a food has. If a food offered little to no vitamins a modification is available to add more nutritious values into it. One issue with GMOs is that has not been thoroughly investigated. There are fears that genetically modified organisms could have more risks than good. For example, some of the potential environmental and health risks include genetic erosion, plant vulnerability to disease, and food allergies (Du and Rachul). Though there are many pros and cons to GMOs the opinion of some consumers remains neutral (Marris). GDP or Gross Domestic Product is the value of goods and services created in a country. GDP is used to indicate how the economy is going to a country. At times, GDP is used to indicate prosperity, advance, and quality of life but this is incorrect because some factors are not added within the indication (Novà ¡cek). For example, it does not factor in housework or non-reportedShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organisms, Also Known As Gmo’S, Are1491 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically modified organisms, also known as GMO’s, are important to today’s society because they bring more food to more people at a cheaper price. If a crop is a GMO, it means that its DNA sequence has been altered in a lab. When seeds are genetically altered in this way, it is to inject a certain characteristic that is not present in the traditional plant into the DNA. Usually, this characteristic is to make the crop more susceptible to fertilizer and pesticides, or to sustain harsh weather conditionsRead MoreThe Revolution And Benefits Of Genetically Modified Foods1514 Words   |  7 Pagesdecade because of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). â€Å"A genetically modified organism, or GMO, is an organism that has had its DNA altered or modified in some way through genetic engineering† (Lallanilla 2013). A GMO is stronger compared to its original species or generation because it has a new gene that allows it to survive in a new environment or against a predator or pest. A GMO can come in different forms, such as modified animals or plants and crops. A genetically modified crop has many benefitsRead MorePlants Consume a Gene from a Different Organism in Genetic Modification1201 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically modified plants are plants that consume a gene from a different organism which has been inserted into the target plant. Genetically modifying plants changes the characteristics of the plant such as; adding more flavour; evolving in size and addition in nutritional values. The technologies used to process genetically modified crops are called; genetic engineering, biotechnology, gene technology and modern technology. Genetically modifying crops aims to change the fundamentals of agricultureRead MoreGenetic Modification ( Gm )1619 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic modification (GM) is the use of modern biotechnology techniques to change the genes of an organism such as plants or animals. No one is permitted to deal with a genetically modified organism (GMO) in Australia unless the Australian Gene Technology Regulator has determined that the GMO is safe to human health and the surrounding environment. As the world’s population continues to increase and is expected to double within the next few years, the world’s demand for food and fibre has increasedRead MoreGenetic Modification ( Gm )1501 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Genetic modification (GM) is the use of modern biotechnology techniques to change the genes of an organism such as plants or animals. No one is permitted to deal with a genetically modified organism (GMO) in Australia unless the Australian Gene Technology Regulator has determined that the GMO is safe to human health and the surrounding environment. As the world’s population continues to increase and is expected to double within the next few years, the world’s demand for food and fibreRead MoreGenetically Modified Microorganisms Pros And Cons1636 Words   |  7 PagesGenetically Modified Organisms have the ability to help cure the most deadly of disease while also being able to cause famine if used incorrectly, and these are just a few of the amazing possibilities that GMO’s as a whole present to us. While the field of GMO’s is large and expansive there are a few areas that researchers are focused on because of the amount of possibilities with them, these include genetically modified crops, microorganisms, bugs and other small creatures that spread disease. TheRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And Its Impact On The World1670 Words   |  7 PagesWith 92% of corn, 94% of soybeans, and 94% of cotton being genetically modified and with upwards of 75% of processed foods containing GMOs according to the Center of Food Safety, GMOs are clearly a very important topic. According to Whole Foods, GMOs or genetically modified organisms are organisms whose DNA has been altered. The reason for the creation of GMOs was for the purpose of increasing plant productivity by engineering them to resist certain diseases, produce their own pesticides, etc. andRead MoreTransgenic Organisms in the Agricultural World Essay1626 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are transgenic organisms? How are they made? Are they safe? Are they a good source of food? These are all questions that are asked about transgenic organisms. Through this paper we will discuss these q uestions and give viable answers. We will look in detail into the role these organisms play in today’s society. Transgenic organisms are organisms that have been genetically modified through the insertion of DNA from one organism into the genome of another organism (WiseGeek, 2011). InRead MoreThe Gmo Trap : An Unexposed Secret1681 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic aspects of daily living, numerous perilous concerns have risen against the proper usage and non-maleficence of these high-tech mechanics. For about a decade now, genetically modified foods have occupied the shelves of supermarkets and grocery stores across the nation. The ample amount of genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, have sparked many affairs regarding the impact they have on one’s health. The detonation of GMOs, according to the Institute for Responsible Technology, is â€Å"the resultRead MoreEssay Genetically Modified Foods1678 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Let’s face it, the term genetically modified (GM) foods is not the most appetizing word in the English language and neither is the term genetically engineered foods for that matter. Whether or not you realize it, you have consumed at least one product that contains genetically modified foods. These â€Å"modified foods† are hiding all over your supermarkets and in some instances, there is no way to tell just by looking at it. But, they have been around for more than two decades and it has

1914 war poem Essay Example For Students

1914 war poem Essay Compare and contrast at least one post 1914 war poem with Charge of the Light Brigade by Lord Tennyson, focus on different views of war and how they are conveyed  The poems that I will look at are: Dulce et Decorum Est by W. Owen and The charge of the light brigade by A. Tennyson. These two poems show two completely different views on war, the first is a view showing glory and honour therefore the glory of war and the other view looks at the suffering and dying, basically the reality of war. I will talk about movement, imagery and techniques used by the authors and look at the views the poems have. The opening line in Dulce is already a negative one;  Bent double, like old beggars, as the opening line, this has already created an image in my head as a reader of these soldiers that are tired and not like you would normally imagine a soldier to be like, this is looking into the suffering of the soldiers; you can tell by the language used, Bent double. In contrast to this, the first mention of movement in The Charge is one of bravery;  Rode the six hundred Charge for the guns!  At the mention of six hundred you imagine a strong force, full of bravery, charging for the guns, this glorifies war and is straight away a lot different to the other poem. Another point showing contrast between the two is here; in Dulce I have taken this quote because its another case of the negativity portrayed in movement during this poem;  rest began to trudge. Men marched asleep here men are so tired every step is hard and they are so tired they are falling asleep, the reality of war here is conveyed with language like trudge, and the poet is putting a big down on way. In The Charge however, the quote shows a completely different view;  Boldly they rode and well, from this we see brave soldiers riding to war which gives us a positive image again, glorifying war by using words like Boldly, you think of soldiers riding without fear which is highly unlikely which makes this poem the opposite to reality. The last set of quotes I have chosen show how different these two poems are and how one word can have two completely different meanings depending on what context its in. In Dulce this quote is just after a gas bomb has been dropped and one man has not managed to get his mask on;  He plunges at me, guttering, chocking, drowning here I picture a man reaching out in desperation, about to die which really puts a negative feel on the war using language like guttering which means flame going out but I feel it is used here to symbolize life going out. From The Charge Ive taken this;  Plunged in the battery smoke The word Plunged is used completely differently here, instead of someone reaching out is desperation; its the army plunging into the smoke with glory and bravery and this word is used to convey a positive image on the war.  Already looking at both poems I can already see how different they are; one looks at the war in a negative way, referring to soldiers as beggars, whereas the other looks at the soldiers as brave.  The next thing I will look at in these two poems is the imagery used and what the writer does to put images in a readers head. Firstly I have taken this quote from Dulce

Department of Immigration and Border Protection

Question: Discuss about the Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Answer: Introduction: Section 4AA of the family law 1975 defines the de facto relationship. According to this law a person or his partner who can be of opposite sex also, and are living together as a couple on genuine domestic basis. A relationship cannot be considered as de facto relationship if person is legally married with his partner or they have any family relations. According to Section 4AA of Family Law Act 1975: A person can be considered in de facto relationship with the other person if: Person must not legally marry with his partner. Person must not have any kind of family relations with his partner. Person lives with his partner as couple on genuine domestic basis. De facto partners can apply for the visa after fulfilling the following requirements: Partners must live together for one year before applying for the visa. Partners must mention the history of relationship through assigned document. Financial arrangements between the partners are considered. Any responsibility related to care and support of the childrens. Reputation of their relationship in public. How much commitment and understanding is between the couple. In this case Jason Bourne is an Australian citizen who travelled to Britain and Europe for two years. In Nice Jason met with the Emma Brielle, a French citizen and they fall in love with each other. They started living together in an apartment for 6 months, because Jason returns back to the Australia because of bad health of his mother. It is necessary in case of de facto relationship partners that live together for one year, but in this case Jason and Emma live together only for six months. Therefore Emma Brielle is not qualified for de facto partner of Jason. Jason can get exemption from the requirement of one year relationship in following cases: Circumstances which are Compelling and compassionate are there on behalf of which visa can be grant to the applicant. Registration of relationship under a state law or territory prescribed in the Interpretation Regulations 2008. Partner of applicant is or was the holder of the permanent humanitarian visa and he must be in de facto relationship, before the visa was granted to the applicant. Partner is an applicant of permanent humanitarian visa. Compelling and compassionate circumstances are not clearly define, in this circumstances of the case are assessed. Emma parents can move to Australia by applying in category of parent visa. Following are the requirements to applying in parent category visa: Applicants child is an Australian citizen, permanent resident of Australia or eligible citizen of New Zealand. Child of person who applied for visa must be living in Australia at least for two years before lodging of application by applicant. Applicant have sponsor. Applicant must meet the requirements of family test criteria. Applicant must meet the requirements of health and character. There are two types of options are available to the Emma: Parent visa (subclass 103): applicant can apply for parent category visa if: applicant can live in Australia for the period of 2 years as temporary resident or permanently as an Australian resident. Processing time is 30 years. Contributory Parent Visa (subclass 143): applicant can apply in this category of visa if: Applicant have sponsor. Applicant must meet the requirements of family test criteria. Applicant must meet the requirements of health and character. Applicant is ready to pay the extra charges for visa application. Processing Time: In this category applications for visa are entertained according to the date of lodgment. Contributory Parent Visa (subclass 143) is the best option for Emma to sponsor. Emmas parents can live permanently in Australia. This visa has following other benefits also: Permanent stay in Australia Applicant or any family member can study and work in Australia. Applicant or any family member can enroll in Medicare. Applicant or any family member can apply for Australian citizenship. Applicant or any family member can sponsor their relatives for permanent residence. Family members can migrate to Australia by relative visa category. Emma can sponsor her sister for Remaining Relative visa (subclass 115).this visa is available for people who want to live permanently in Australia with their near relatives. Following are the requirements for applying in this visa category: Applicant is from outside Australia. Applicants near relative are permanent resident of Australia or eligible citizens of New Zealand. Applicant near relative is ready to sponsor the applicant or all the family members of applicants. Applicant must have an assurance of support. Applicant and other family members of applicant must meet the health and character requirements. For this purpose near relatives includes applicant or applicants partner parents, brother, sister, or child. Bibliography Family Court of Australia, De facto relationships (3 may 2016) https://www.familycourt.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/fcoaweb/family-law-matters/separation-and-divorce/defacto-relationships/. Australian Government: Department Of Immigration And Border Protection, Fact sheet - One-year relationship requirement for https://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/35relationship. Australian Visa Bureau, Contributory Parent Visa Questions https://www.visabureau.com/australia/parent-visa-faq.aspx. Australian Government: Department Of Immigration And Border Protection, Parent Category visas https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Brin/Pare. Australian Government: Department Of Immigration And Border Protection, Parent visa (subclass 103) https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/103-#.